¿¬±âÀ̷аú ¿¬±Ø Acting Theory & Practice
Alice in Theatre Land (http://www.geocities.com/akatsavou/tips_en.html)
03/20 ¿¬±â À̷аú ¿¬±Ø :
Stanislavski, Meyerhold, Brecht, Artau, Grotowski
Eugen Herrigel Zen in the Art of Archery Part I
Eugen Herrigel Zen in the Art of Archery Part II
ACTING :THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE ALEXANDER TECHNIQUE
REFERENCE BOOKS ON ACTING AND DIRECTING:
Cole, Toby & Chinoy, Helen
Krich(ed.) Actors on Acting, Crown Publishers Inc., New York, 1970.
Growtowski, Jerzy Towards
A Poor Theatre
Artaud, Antonin The Theatre
and Its Double. Tr. by Mary C. Richards.
Grove Press, new York, 1958.
Brook, Peter The Empty
Space. Atheneum, new york, 1968.
The Open Door The Shifting
Point
Stanislavski, Constantin An
Actor Prepares. Tr. by Elizabeth
Reynolds Hapgood. Theatre Arts Books, new York, 1936.
Wilson, Edwin The Theater Experience. Third Edition. MCGraw-Hill, new York, New York, 1985.
Hodge, Francis Play Directing:
Analysis, Communication, and Style.
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1971.
»î¼Ó¿¡¼ÀÇ Èä³»³»±â¿Í ¿ªÇÒ¿¬±â :
¾îºù °íÇÁ¸¸Àº "»î ÀÚü°¡ ¿¬±ØÀûÀÌ¸ç ¿¬±âµÇ¾îÁö´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼»ó Àüü°¡ ¹«´ë´Â ¹°·Ð ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼¼»ó ¸¸»ç°¡ ´Ù ¿¬±â°¡ ¾Æ´ÔÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯µéÀ» ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦½ÃÇϱâ¶õ ½±Áö ¾Ê´Ù."¶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. °íÇÁ¸¸ÀÇ ¸»Àº ¿ì¸® »î¿¡¼ ³Ê¹«³ªµµ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¿¬±âµÇ¾îÁö´Â °ÍÀÌ¾î¼ ¾î´À°ÍÀÌ ¿¬±â°í ¾î´À°ÍÀÌ ¿¬±â°¡ ¾Æ´ÑÁö °¡·Á³»±â°¡ ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿î °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù.
Imitation and role-playing in life :
Erving Goffman --"Life itself is a dramatically enacted thing. All the
world is not, of course, a stage, but the crucial ways in which it isn't are
not easy to specify." Goffman is saying, in effect, that acting is so much
a part of the real world that it is often difficult to identify it.
·Î¹öÆ® ¿¡Áî¶ó ÆÄÅ©´Â ±×°¡ ¾´ [ÀÎÁ¾°ú ¹®È]¶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀÇ Ã¥¿¡¼ »ç¶÷À̶ó´Â ¶æÀÇ '»¾¸£¼Ò³ª'¶õ ´Ü¾î¿Í °¡¸éÀ̶õ ´Ü¾î°¡ µÑ´Ù ¿¬±Ø°ú ¸Å¿ì ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü·ÃÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡À» ÁöÀûÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù:
»ç¶÷À̶õ Àǹ̸¦ Áö´Ñ '»¾¸£¼Õ'À̶õ ¸»ÀÌ ¿ø·¡´Â °¡¸éÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû ¿ì¿¬ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ´©±¸³ª Ç×»ó, ¾îµð¼°Ç ´ÙºÐÈ÷ ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¿¬±âÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇØ¼®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿¬±âÇÏ´Â ¿ªÇÒ·Î ¼·Î¸¦ ¾Ë°ÔµÈ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸® Àڽſ¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ùµµ À̰°Àº ¿ªÇÒ¿¬±â¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼ÀÌ´Ù.
Robert Ezra Park, in an important book, Race and Culture, noted a relationsip between the words person and mask--the latter being closely associated with theater. He writes :
It is probably no mere historical accident that the word person, in its first meaning, is a mask. It is rather a recognition of the fact that everyone is always, and everywhere, more or less consciously, playing a role . . . . It is in these roles that we know each other. it is in these roles that we know ourselves.
¹«´ë¿¬±â: ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ¿¡¼ ¿ì¸®°¡ ÇÏ´Â ¿¬±â¸¦ Àß ÀÌÇØÇÏ¸é ±×¸¸Å ¹«´ëÀ§¿¡¼ÀÇ ¿¬±â¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ´õ Àß ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µÑ »çÀÌ¿¡´Â ºñ½ÁÇÑ Á¡ÀÌ ¸¹´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹«´ë¿¬±â´Â ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ¿¡¼ ¿ì¸®°¡ ÇÏ´Â ¿¬±â¿Í´Â ´Ù¸£´Ù. ¿ì¼± ¹è¿ì´Â Ç×»ó °ü°´ÀÌ ÁöÄѺ»´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ ¹«´ë¿¬±â¿¡¼´Â ¹è¿ì°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â Á÷Á¢ °æÇèÇØº¸Áö ¾ÊÀº ¿ªÇÒµµ ¿¬±âÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é¼µµ ¹è¿ì´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÇÏ´Â ¿¬±â°¡ ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°í, ½±°í, Ưº°ÇÑ ³ë·Â¾øÀÌ Çϴ°Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ°Ô ÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ¹«´ë¿¬±â´Â °æÀïÀûÀÎ ½ºÆ÷Ã÷³ª °ø¿¬¿¹¼ú ºÐ¾ß ¿ÜÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¾öû³ ³ë·Â°ú Çå½Å, ±×¸®°í ÀÚ±â°ü¸®¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¬±âÀÚ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¿¬±âÇÏ´Â Àι°À» ¼³µæ·ÂÀÖ°Ô ¿¬±âÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ±â¼ú »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³»¸éÀû °¨Á¤À» °³¹ßÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» Å͵æÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
Acting on Stage : The better we understand acting in daily life, the better we understand acting on stage. There are many similarities between the two. Acting on the stage, however, differs from acting in everyday life, in the first place, because the stage actor or actress is always being observed by an audience. And moreover, acting for the stage involves playing roles for which the performer has no direct experience in life. Yet, an actor has to make it look natural, easy, and effortlessly done. Thus, acting on stage calls for a dedication and discipline that few people outside competitive sports or the performing arts can understand. A performer must learn to develop both outward techniques and inner emotional resources to play a character convincingly.
°úÀåµÈ ¿¬±â : °úÀ׿¬±â ¶Ç´Â ³Ê¹« Áö³ªÄ£ ¿¬±â
Exaggeration : Overacting or doing too much
Antonin Artaud [The Theater and Its
Double]
(¾ÈÅä´Ñ ¾ÇÅä [¿¬±Ø ±×¸®°í ¿¬±ØÀÇ ´àÀº²Ã])
THE STANISLAVSKI
SYSTEM THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF AN ACTOR DIGESTED FROM THE TEACHINGS OF KONSTANTIN S.
STANISLAVSKI BY SONIA MOORE
Konstantin S. Stanislavsky (1863-1938)
Çö´ë¿¬±Ø¿¡¼ÀÇ »ç½ÇÁÖÀÇ ¿¬±â¼ú: ½ºÅ¸´Ï½½¶óºê½ºÅ° ¿¬±â¼ú
Realistic Acting
Techniques in the Modern Theater : The Stanislavski System
¿¬±ØÀÌ Àι°°ú »óȲÀ» ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ »î°ú ¸Å¿ì °¡±õ°Ô ¹¦»çÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ 19¼¼±â ¸»¿¡´Â »ç½ÇÁÖÀÇ ¿¬±â°¡ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ À§Ä¡¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇß¾ú´Ù.1900³âµµ ¸» ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â ¿¬±â¿¡¼ ÀÌ·± ·ùÀÇ Àý´ëÀûÀÎ ½Åºù¼ºÀ» ÀÌ·ç±â À§ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ» »ý°¢Çس½ »ç¶÷Àº ¾Æ¹«µµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¹°·Ð ¾î´À ½Ã´ë¿¡³ª °³º°ÀûÀÎ ¹è¿ìµéÁß¿¡´Â ÀÌó·³ ½Åºù¼ºÀÖ´Â ¿¬±â¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àç´É°ú õÀ缺À» °¡Áø ¹è¿ìµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °¡¸£Ä¡°í ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¼¼´ë¿¡ ÀüÇØÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿¬±âÈÆ·Ãü°è¸¦ °í¾ÈÇØ ³½ »ç¶÷Àº ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÏÀ» °¡Àå ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ÇØ³½ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¹è¿ìÀÌÀÚ ¿¬ÃâÀÚÀÎ ÄܽºÅºÆ¾ ½ºÅ¸´Ï½½¶óºê½ºÅ°¿´´Ù.
A realistic approach became more important than ever
at the close of the nineteenth century, when drama began to depict characters
and situations close to everyday life. Before the late 1900s, no one had devised
a method for achieving this kind of absolute believability. Individual actresses
and actors through their talent and genius had achieved it, of course, in every
age, but no one had devised a system whereby it could be taught to others and
passed on to future generations. The person who did this most successfully was
the Russian actor and director Constantin Stanislavski.
¹«´ë°øÆ÷Áõ : ½ºÅ¸´Ï½º¶ø½ºÅ°´Â ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¸Å¿ì ¿¹¸®ÇÏ°Ô Àß ÀνÄÇÏ°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ±ÛÀ» ½è´Ù.
Stage Fright : Stanislavski, keenly aware
of this problem, wrote :
ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ¿¡¼ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸Å¿ì Ä£¼÷ÇÏ°í ¾ÆÁÖ ´Ü¼øÇÑ Çൿ±îÁö¶óµµ, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¼öõ¸íÀÇ ´ëÁß¾Õ¿¡¼ ¹«´ë¿¡¼ ÇϰԵǸé, ¾ïÁö½º·´°í ¾î»öÇÑ ÇൿÀÌ µÇ°í ¸¸´Ù. ¹«´ëÀ§¿¡¼ ¿¬±â¸¦ ÇÏ·Á¸é ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÚ¼¼¿Í ¹ö¸©À» ±³Á¤Çϰí, °È°í, ¾É°í, ´¯´Â ¹ýÀ» ´Ù½Ã ¹è¿ö¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿¬±â¸¦ ÇÏ·Á¸é ¹«´ëÀ§¿¡¼ º¸´Â ¹ý(look and see)°ú µè´Â ¹ý(listen and hear)À» »õ·Ó°Ô ´Ù½Ã ¹è¿ì´Â Àç±³À°ÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
All of our acts, even the simplest, which are so familiar
to us in everyday life, become strained when we appear behind the footlights
before a public of a thousand people. That is why it is necessary to correct
ourselves and learn again how to walk, sit, or lie down. it is essential to
re-educate ourselves to look and see, on the stage, to listen and to hear.
±×·¡¼ ½ºÅ¸´Ï½½¶óºê½ºÅ°´Â ¹è¿ì¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¿¬±âÈÆ·Ã¹ý°ú ¿¬±â¼úÀ» °è¹ßÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥ ±×ÀÇ ¿¬±âÈÆ·Ã½Ã½ÃÅÛÀº Å©°Ô ´ë·« ´ÙÀ½ ¸î°¡Áö ¸ñÀûÀ» °®´Â´Ù:
1. ¿¬±âÀÚÀÇ ¿ÜÀûȰµ¿--¸öÁþ, ¸ñ¼Ò¸®, ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀÇ ¸®µë- µîÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°í ¼³µæ·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
2. ¿¬±âÀÚ°¡ ¸ÃÀº ¿ªÇÒÀÌ °®´Â ³»Àû Áø½ÇÀ» Àü´ÞÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±ØÁßÀι°ÀÇ ¸ðµç ´«¿¡ º¸À̴ Ư¡µéÀ» ÁË´Ù ÀÍÇô Àß Ç¥ÇöÇß´Ù ÇÒÁö¶óµµ ±× Àι°ÀÌ Áö´Ñ È®½Å°ú ½Å³äÀ» ¸Å¿ì ±íÀÌÀÖ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¸é ¹è¿ì´Â ±× Àι°À» ÇÇ»óÀûÀÌ°í ±â°èÀûÀ¸·Î¸¸ ¿¬±âÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
3. ¹«´ëÀ§¿¡¼ ¿¬±âµÇ´Â ±ØÁßÀι°ÀÇ »îÀÌ ¿ªµ¿ÀûÀÌ°íµµ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ µÇ°Ô ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¶² ¹è¿ìµéÀº ÀڱⰡ ¿¬±âÇÏ´Â Àι°ÀÌ Áö´Ñ ¸î°¡Áö ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô µÎµå·¯Áö´Â Ư¡µé¸¸ °Á¶ÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ±× ¸î°¡Áö Ư¡µé ¸»°íµµ ±× »çÀÌ»çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÒ Àι°ÀÇ »îÀÌ Á¦´ë·Î Ç¥ÇöÁ¶Â÷ µÇÁö ¾Ê°í Á×¾î ¹ö¸°´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ÁøÂ¥ »î¿¡¼´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº »îÀ» ¸ØÃß´Â ÀÏÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.
4. ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±âÀÚµé°ú ´õºÒ¾î ¸Å¿ì °ÇÑ ¾Ó»óºÒÀ» ÀÌ·ç¸ç ¿¬±âÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
Thus, he developed a series of exercises and techniques for the actor which had the following broad aims:
1. To make the outward activities of
the performer--the gestures, the voice, the rhythm of movements--natural and
convincing.
2. To have the actor or actress convey the inner truth of a part. Even if all
the visible manifestations of a character are mastered, a performer will appear
superficial and mechnical without a deep sense of conviction and belief.
3. To make the life of the character on stage not only dynamic but continuous.
Some performers tend to emphasize only the high points of a part; in between,
the life of the character stops. In real life people do not stop living, however.
4. To develop a strong sense of ensemble playing with other performers in a
sense.
±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ½ºÅ¸´Ï½½¶ø½ºÅ° ¿¬±â¼ú: Stanislavski Technique in Detail :
±äÀåÀÌ¿Ï Relaxation
Á¤½ÅÁýÁß°ú °üÂû Concentration and Observation
¿¬±â¿¡¼ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ »çÇ×µéÀÌ °®´Â Á߿伺 Importnace of Specifics
³»Àû Áø½Ç Inner Truth
Á¤¼Àû ±â¾ïÀÇ È¯±â Emotional Recall
¹«´ëÀ§¿¡¼ÀÇ Çൿ : ¹«¾ù? ¿Ö? ¾î¶»°Ô" Action on Stage : What? Why? How?
¿ªÇÒÀÇ ÀϰüµÈ ¿å±¸ (Àι°ÀÇ ÃÊ¿ùÀû ¸ñÇ¥)
Through-line(Super Objective of the Character) of a Role
¾Ó»óºí ¿¬±â Ensemble Playing
¹ß¼ºÈƷðú ½ÅÃ¼ÈÆ·ÃVoice and Body
½ºÅ¸´Ï½½¶ø½ºÅ° ¿¬±â½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ¿Í È¥¶õ
50¿©³âÀü¿¡ ¿µ¾î·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ¾î ¿¬±â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ »ý°¢Àº °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ ³íÀï°Å¸®°¡ µÇ¾î¿Ô´Ù. ¿ÀÇØ¿Í È¥¶õÀº ÁÖ·Î ±×ÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¿¬±âÈÆ·Ã¹ý¿¡¼ ³»Àû ¶Ç´Â Á¤¼ÀûÀÎ Ãø¸é¸¸À» °Á¶ÇÏ´Â ½Ç¼ö¸¦ Çѵ¥¼ ºñ·ÔµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ »ç½ÇÁÖÀǰ¡ ¸Å¿ì ÀǹÌÀÖ´Â ¿¬±Ø¿îµ¿À¸·Î ºÎ»óÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½ºÅ¸´Ï½½¶øºê½ºÅ° ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº »ç½ÇÁÖÀÇ ¿¬±Ø°ú ¿¬±â¿¡¼¸¸ ±× °¡Ä¡¸¦ Áö´Ñ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. Misconceptions and Confusion About the
Stanislavski System :
Since it was translated into English over fifty years ago, his views have been
the cause of some controversy. Misconceptions and confusion stem largely from
followers of Stanislavski who mistakenly emphasie only the inner or emotional
side of its technique. Also, because of the emergence of realism as a significant
theater movement, the Stanislavski system has been seen by many as having value
only in realistic theater and acting.
Vsevolod
Meyerhold(1874-1942)
Meyerhold
While Stanislavsky sought a perfect stage illusion reproducing life itself, so Vsevolod Meyerhold elaborated a "theatrical" theatre. His creative revolt against realistic stage representation opened the revolutionary period of bold and interesting theatrical experiments. Meyerhold sought to synthesize theatrical conventions which would condition an emotional reflex in the spectator. he believed that reality should be created in the minds of the spectator rather than on the stage, and based his work on Pavlov's Theory of Association. In his early experimental days Meyerhold directed plays of the symbolists Maeterlinck, Alexander Blok, and Leonid Andreyev. After the Revolution Meyerhold came to the forefront with startling staging which dispensed with the curtain, extended the stage into the illuminated auditorium, and employed bare constructivist settings. he was extremely eclectic in his methods, borrowing heavily from primitive and Oriental practice. The technique of bio-mechanics and his production of Gogol's The Inspector General.
Bertolt
Brecht(1898-1956) :
Brecht:
Bio, photo and quotes
Peter
Brook(1925-
)
Brook
Jerzy
Grotowski(? -1999)
Grotowski
Why Russian theatre?
Why do Meyerhold, Brecht, Brook, Grotowski, Artaud and many other theatre men
turn to Oriental theatre for their insight?
Sanscrit Drama of India
Peking Opera
Noh & Kabuki of Japan
Mask Dance Drama of Korea
¼¾ç¿¬±â¿Í µ¿¾ç¿¬±â : »çÁø°ú µ¿¾çÈ
Accumulation of techniques or knowledge vs Elimination of Oneself : one's habits, inhibitions, preconceived ideas
¿¬±â°ü·Ã ÀÚ·á :
The Theory of Acting - Styles, Techinques and Personalities - THE HISTORY and SCIENCE OF ACTING Theory There have been numerous philosophical
efforts to define the nature of acting, but none of these has been able to arrive
at a satisfying theory of acting
http://www.linksnorth.com/acting/theory.html
The Theory of Acting (http://www.linksnorth.com/acting/theory.html)
There have been numerous philosophical efforts to define the nature of acting, but none of these has been able to arrive at a satisfying theory of acting without developing some scientific understanding of the sources of human behavior. Practical contributions to acting theory in the 20th century have come mainly from psychology, though speculation has also drawn on the fields of anthropological research, linguistics, and other disciplines.
Stanislavsky borrowed from late 19th-century French psychology the concept of emotional memory, recreating past emotions on stage by recalling the sense details that surrounded the original experience. This became the centerpiece of method acting. In the late 1940s, when the Actors' Studio, home of the method, was founded in New York City, Gestalt psychology was just becoming fashionable (see Psychology). The concepts behind many method exercises are in line with Gestalt ideas about how emotion is experienced and remembered.
Social psychology has contributed much to the understanding of what happens in the complex interaction between actor and audience. The concept of "role-playing" in everyday life has broadened the possibilities for actors in the creation of their own performing material.
A major influence on 20th-century acting emanates from the writings of the French actor and director Antonin Artaud. He conceived of the actor as an "athlete of the heart," giving physical expression to dreams, obsessions, the nonrational side of human beings. Although Artaud produced no convincing examples of his theories, experiments during the 1960s by Grotowski and the British director Peter Brook have shown some of the potential value that may lie in Artaud's thought.
Kinesics, the science of communication through body movement, has made it possible to analyze the meanings of gestures in daily life, how the body's movements have psychological significance. The development of kinesics may create the potential for the very subtle art of psychological mime.