¿¬±âÀ̷аú ¿¬±Ø Acting Theory & Practice

Alice in Theatre Land (http://www.geocities.com/akatsavou/tips_en.html)

03/20 ¿¬±â À̷аú ¿¬±Ø :

Stanislavski, Meyerhold, Brecht, Artau, Grotowski

          Eugen Herrigel   Zen in the Art of Archery Part I

          Eugen Herrigel   Zen in the Art of Archery Part II

ACTING :THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE ALEXANDER TECHNIQUE

LINKS TO [VOICE ACTING]

REFERENCE BOOKS ON ACTING AND DIRECTING:

Cole, Toby & Chinoy, Helen Krich(ed.)  Actors on Acting, Crown Publishers Inc., New York, 1970.
Growtowski, Jerzy  Towards A Poor Theatre
Artaud, Antonin   The Theatre and Its Double. Tr. by Mary C. Richards. Grove Press, new York, 1958.
Brook,  Peter The Empty Space. Atheneum, new york, 1968.  The Open Door  The Shifting Point
Stanislavski, Constantin  An Actor Prepares. Tr. by Elizabeth Reynolds Hapgood. Theatre Arts Books, new York, 1936. 
Wilson, Edwin  The Theater Experience. Third Edition. MCGraw-Hill, new York, New York, 1985. 
Hodge, Francis   Play Directing: Analysis, Communication, and Style. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1971.

 

»î¼Ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ Èä³»³»±â¿Í ¿ªÇÒ¿¬±â :

¾îºù °íÇÁ¸¸Àº  "»î ÀÚü°¡ ¿¬±ØÀûÀÌ¸ç ¿¬±âµÇ¾îÁö´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼»ó Àüü°¡ ¹«´ë´Â ¹°·Ð ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼¼»ó ¸¸»ç°¡ ´Ù ¿¬±â°¡ ¾Æ´ÔÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯µéÀ» ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦½ÃÇϱâ¶õ ½±Áö ¾Ê´Ù."¶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. °íÇÁ¸¸ÀÇ ¸»Àº ¿ì¸® »î¿¡¼­ ³Ê¹«³ªµµ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¿¬±âµÇ¾îÁö´Â °ÍÀ̾ ¾î´À°ÍÀÌ ¿¬±â°í ¾î´À°ÍÀÌ ¿¬±â°¡ ¾Æ´ÑÁö °¡·Á³»±â°¡ ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿î °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù.
Imitation and role-playing in life : Erving Goffman --"Life itself is a dramatically enacted thing. All the world is not, of course, a stage, but the crucial ways in which it isn't are not easy to specify." Goffman is saying, in effect, that acting is so much a part of the real world that it is often difficult to identify it.

·Î¹öÆ® ¿¡Áî¶ó ÆÄÅ©´Â ±×°¡ ¾´ [ÀÎÁ¾°ú ¹®È­]¶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀÇ Ã¥¿¡¼­ »ç¶÷À̶ó´Â ¶æÀÇ '»¾¸£¼Ò³ª'¶õ ´Ü¾î¿Í °¡¸éÀ̶õ ´Ü¾î°¡ µÑ´Ù ¿¬±Ø°ú ¸Å¿ì ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü·ÃÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡À» ÁöÀûÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù:

»ç¶÷À̶õ Àǹ̸¦ Áö´Ñ '»¾¸£¼Õ'À̶õ ¸»ÀÌ ¿ø·¡´Â °¡¸éÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû ¿ì¿¬ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ´©±¸³ª Ç×»ó, ¾îµð¼­°Ç ´ÙºÐÈ÷ ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î  ¾î¶² ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¿¬±âÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇØ¼®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿¬±âÇÏ´Â ¿ªÇÒ·Î ¼­·Î¸¦ ¾Ë°ÔµÈ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸® Àڽſ¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ùµµ À̰°Àº ¿ªÇÒ¿¬±â¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­ÀÌ´Ù.

Robert Ezra Park, in an important book, Race and Culture, noted a relationsip between the words person and mask--the latter being closely associated with theater. He writes :

It is probably no mere historical accident that the word person, in its first meaning, is a mask. It is rather a recognition of the fact that everyone is always, and everywhere, more or less consciously, playing a role . . . . It is in these roles that we know each other. it is in these roles that we know ourselves.

¹«´ë¿¬±â: ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®°¡ ÇÏ´Â ¿¬±â¸¦ Àß ÀÌÇØÇÏ¸é ±×¸¸Å­ ¹«´ëÀ§¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿¬±â¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ´õ Àß ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µÑ »çÀÌ¿¡´Â ºñ½ÁÇÑ Á¡ÀÌ ¸¹´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹«´ë¿¬±â´Â ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®°¡ ÇÏ´Â ¿¬±â¿Í´Â ´Ù¸£´Ù. ¿ì¼± ¹è¿ì´Â Ç×»ó °ü°´ÀÌ ÁöÄѺ»´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ ¹«´ë¿¬±â¿¡¼­´Â ¹è¿ì°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â Á÷Á¢ °æÇèÇØº¸Áö ¾ÊÀº ¿ªÇÒµµ ¿¬±âÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é¼­µµ ¹è¿ì´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÇÏ´Â ¿¬±â°¡ ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°í, ½±°í, Ưº°ÇÑ ³ë·Â¾øÀÌ Çϴ°Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ°Ô ÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¹«´ë¿¬±â´Â °æÀïÀûÀÎ ½ºÆ÷Ã÷³ª °ø¿¬¿¹¼ú ºÐ¾ß ¿ÜÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¾öû³­ ³ë·Â°ú Çå½Å, ±×¸®°í ÀÚ±â°ü¸®¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¬±âÀÚ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¿¬±âÇÏ´Â Àι°À» ¼³µæ·ÂÀÖ°Ô ¿¬±âÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ±â¼ú »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³»¸éÀû °¨Á¤À» °³¹ßÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» Å͵æÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

Acting on Stage : The better we understand acting in daily life, the better we understand acting on stage. There are many similarities between the two. Acting on the stage, however, differs from acting in everyday life, in the first place, because the stage actor or actress is always being observed by an audience. And moreover, acting for the stage involves playing roles for which the performer has no direct experience in life. Yet, an actor has to make it look natural, easy, and effortlessly done. Thus, acting on stage calls for a dedication and discipline that few people outside competitive sports or the performing arts can understand. A performer must learn to develop both outward techniques and inner emotional resources to play a character convincingly.

°úÀåµÈ ¿¬±â : °úÀ׿¬±â ¶Ç´Â ³Ê¹« Áö³ªÄ£ ¿¬±â

Exaggeration : Overacting or doing too much

¾ÈÅä´Ñ ¾ÇÅä Antonin Artaud

Antonin Artaud [The Theater and Its Double]
  (¾ÈÅä´Ñ ¾ÇÅä [¿¬±Ø ±×¸®°í ¿¬±ØÀÇ ´àÀº²Ã])

     PREFACE : The Theater and Culture (¼­¹® : ¿¬±Ø°ú ¹®È­)

THE STANISLAVSKI SYSTEM THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF AN ACTOR DIGESTED FROM THE TEACHINGS OF KONSTANTIN S. STANISLAVSKI  BY SONIA MOORE

Konstantin S. Stanislavsky (1863-1938)

Çö´ë¿¬±Ø¿¡¼­ÀÇ »ç½ÇÁÖÀÇ ¿¬±â¼ú: ½ºÅ¸´Ï½½¶óºê½ºÅ° ¿¬±â¼ú
Realistic Acting Techniques in the Modern Theater :
The Stanislavski System

    ¿¬±ØÀÌ Àι°°ú »óȲÀ» ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ »î°ú ¸Å¿ì °¡±õ°Ô ¹¦»çÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ 19¼¼±â ¸»¿¡´Â »ç½ÇÁÖÀÇ ¿¬±â°¡ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ À§Ä¡¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇß¾ú´Ù.1900³âµµ ¸» ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â ¿¬±â¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·± ·ùÀÇ Àý´ëÀûÀÎ ½Åºù¼ºÀ» ÀÌ·ç±â À§ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ» »ý°¢Çس½ »ç¶÷Àº ¾Æ¹«µµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¹°·Ð ¾î´À ½Ã´ë¿¡³ª °³º°ÀûÀÎ ¹è¿ìµéÁß¿¡´Â ÀÌó·³ ½Åºù¼ºÀÖ´Â ¿¬±â¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àç´É°ú õÀ缺À» °¡Áø ¹è¿ìµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °¡¸£Ä¡°í ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¼¼´ë¿¡ ÀüÇØÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿¬±âÈÆ·Ãü°è¸¦ °í¾ÈÇØ ³½ »ç¶÷Àº ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÏÀ» °¡Àå ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ÇØ³½ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¹è¿ìÀÌÀÚ ¿¬ÃâÀÚÀÎ ÄܽºÅºÆ¾ ½ºÅ¸´Ï½½¶óºê½ºÅ°¿´´Ù.
A realistic approach became more important than ever at the close of the nineteenth century, when drama began to depict characters and situations close to everyday life.  Before the late 1900s, no one had devised a method for achieving this kind of absolute believability.     Individual actresses and actors through their talent and genius had achieved it, of course, in every age,  but no one had devised a system whereby it could be taught to others and passed on to future generations. The person who did this most successfully was the Russian actor and director Constantin Stanislavski.

¹«´ë°øÆ÷Áõ : ½ºÅ¸´Ï½º¶ø½ºÅ°´Â ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¸Å¿ì ¿¹¸®ÇÏ°Ô Àß ÀνÄÇÏ°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ±ÛÀ» ½è´Ù.
Stage Fright : Stanislavski, keenly aware of this problem, wrote :

ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸Å¿ì Ä£¼÷ÇÏ°í ¾ÆÁÖ ´Ü¼øÇÑ Çൿ±îÁö¶óµµ, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¼öõ¸íÀÇ ´ëÁß¾Õ¿¡¼­ ¹«´ë¿¡¼­ ÇϰԵǸé,  ¾ïÁö½º·´°í ¾î»öÇÑ ÇൿÀÌ µÇ°í ¸¸´Ù. ¹«´ëÀ§¿¡¼­ ¿¬±â¸¦ ÇÏ·Á¸é ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÚ¼¼¿Í ¹ö¸©À» ±³Á¤Çϰí, °È°í, ¾É°í, ´¯´Â ¹ýÀ» ´Ù½Ã ¹è¿ö¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿¬±â¸¦ ÇÏ·Á¸é ¹«´ëÀ§¿¡¼­ º¸´Â ¹ý(look and see)°ú µè´Â ¹ý(listen and hear)À» »õ·Ó°Ô ´Ù½Ã ¹è¿ì´Â Àç±³À°ÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.  
All of our acts, even the simplest, which are so familiar to us in everyday life, become strained when we appear behind the footlights before a public of a thousand people. That is why it is necessary to correct ourselves and learn again how to walk, sit, or lie down. it is essential to re-educate ourselves to look and see, on the stage, to listen and to hear.

±×·¡¼­ ½ºÅ¸´Ï½½¶óºê½ºÅ°´Â ¹è¿ì¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¿¬±âÈÆ·Ã¹ý°ú ¿¬±â¼úÀ» °è¹ßÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥ ±×ÀÇ ¿¬±âÈÆ·Ã½Ã½ÃÅÛÀº Å©°Ô ´ë·« ´ÙÀ½ ¸î°¡Áö ¸ñÀûÀ» °®´Â´Ù:

1. ¿¬±âÀÚÀÇ ¿ÜÀûȰµ¿--¸öÁþ, ¸ñ¼Ò¸®, ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀÇ ¸®µë- µîÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°í ¼³µæ·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

2. ¿¬±âÀÚ°¡ ¸ÃÀº ¿ªÇÒÀÌ °®´Â ³»Àû Áø½ÇÀ» Àü´ÞÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±ØÁßÀι°ÀÇ ¸ðµç ´«¿¡ º¸À̴ Ư¡µéÀ» ÁË´Ù ÀÍÇô Àß Ç¥ÇöÇß´Ù ÇÒÁö¶óµµ ±× Àι°ÀÌ Áö´Ñ È®½Å°ú ½Å³äÀ» ¸Å¿ì ±íÀÌÀÖ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¸é ¹è¿ì´Â ±× Àι°À» ÇÇ»óÀûÀÌ°í ±â°èÀûÀ¸·Î¸¸ ¿¬±âÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

3. ¹«´ëÀ§¿¡¼­ ¿¬±âµÇ´Â ±ØÁßÀι°ÀÇ »îÀÌ ¿ªµ¿ÀûÀÌ°íµµ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ µÇ°Ô ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¶² ¹è¿ìµéÀº ÀڱⰡ ¿¬±âÇÏ´Â Àι°ÀÌ Áö´Ñ ¸î°¡Áö ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô µÎµå·¯Áö´Â Ư¡µé¸¸ °­Á¶ÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ±× ¸î°¡Áö Ư¡µé ¸»°íµµ ±× »çÀÌ»çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÒ Àι°ÀÇ »îÀÌ Á¦´ë·Î Ç¥ÇöÁ¶Â÷ µÇÁö ¾Ê°í Á×¾î ¹ö¸°´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ÁøÂ¥ »î¿¡¼­´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº »îÀ» ¸ØÃß´Â ÀÏÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.

4. ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±âÀÚµé°ú ´õºÒ¾î ¸Å¿ì °­ÇÑ ¾Ó»óºÒÀ» ÀÌ·ç¸ç ¿¬±âÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

Thus, he developed a series of exercises and techniques for the actor which had the following broad aims:

1. To make the outward activities of the performer--the gestures, the voice, the rhythm of movements--natural and convincing.
2. To have the actor or actress convey the inner truth of a part. Even if all the visible manifestations of a character are mastered, a performer will appear superficial and mechnical without a deep sense of conviction and belief.
3. To make the life of the character on stage not only dynamic but continuous. Some performers tend to emphasize only the high points of a part; in between, the life of the character stops. In real life people do not stop living, however.
4. To develop a strong sense of ensemble playing with other performers in a sense.

±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ½ºÅ¸´Ï½½¶ø½ºÅ° ¿¬±â¼ú: Stanislavski Technique in Detail :
±äÀåÀÌ¿Ï Relaxation
Á¤½ÅÁýÁß°ú °üÂû Concentration and Observation
¿¬±â¿¡¼­ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ »çÇ×µéÀÌ °®´Â Á߿伺 Importnace of Specifics
³»Àû Áø½Ç Inner Truth
Á¤¼­Àû ±â¾ïÀÇ È¯±â Emotional Recall
¹«´ëÀ§¿¡¼­ÀÇ Çൿ : ¹«¾ù? ¿Ö? ¾î¶»°Ô" Action on Stage : What? Why? How?
¿ªÇÒÀÇ ÀϰüµÈ ¿å±¸ (Àι°ÀÇ ÃÊ¿ùÀû ¸ñÇ¥)
Through-line(Super Objective of the Character) of a Role
¾Ó»óºí ¿¬±â Ensemble Playing
¹ß¼ºÈƷðú ½ÅÃ¼ÈÆ·ÃVoice and Body

½ºÅ¸´Ï½½¶ø½ºÅ° ¿¬±â½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ¿Í È¥¶õ
50¿©³âÀü¿¡ ¿µ¾î·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ¾î ¿¬±â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ »ý°¢Àº °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ ³íÀï°Å¸®°¡ µÇ¾î¿Ô´Ù. ¿ÀÇØ¿Í È¥¶õÀº ÁÖ·Î ±×ÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¿¬±âÈÆ·Ã¹ý¿¡¼­ ³»Àû ¶Ç´Â Á¤¼­ÀûÀÎ Ãø¸é¸¸À» °­Á¶ÇÏ´Â ½Ç¼ö¸¦ Çѵ¥¼­ ºñ·ÔµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ »ç½ÇÁÖÀǰ¡ ¸Å¿ì ÀǹÌÀÖ´Â ¿¬±Ø¿îµ¿À¸·Î ºÎ»óÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½ºÅ¸´Ï½½¶øºê½ºÅ° ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº »ç½ÇÁÖÀÇ ¿¬±Ø°ú ¿¬±â¿¡¼­¸¸ ±× °¡Ä¡¸¦ Áö´Ñ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. Misconceptions and Confusion About the Stanislavski System :
Since it was translated into English over fifty years ago, his views have been the cause of some controversy. Misconceptions and confusion stem largely from followers of Stanislavski who mistakenly emphasie only the inner or emotional side of its technique. Also, because of the emergence of realism as a significant theater movement, the Stanislavski system has been seen by many as having value only in realistic theater and acting.
 

Vsevolod Meyerhold(1874-1942) Meyerhold

While Stanislavsky sought a perfect stage illusion reproducing life itself, so Vsevolod Meyerhold elaborated a "theatrical" theatre. His creative revolt against realistic stage representation opened the revolutionary period of bold and interesting theatrical experiments. Meyerhold sought to synthesize theatrical conventions which would condition an emotional reflex in the spectator. he believed that reality should be created in the minds of the spectator rather than on the stage, and based his work on Pavlov's Theory of Association. In his early experimental days Meyerhold directed plays of the symbolists Maeterlinck, Alexander Blok, and Leonid Andreyev. After the Revolution Meyerhold came to the forefront with startling staging which dispensed with the curtain, extended the stage into the illuminated auditorium, and employed bare constructivist settings. he was extremely eclectic in his methods, borrowing heavily from primitive and Oriental practice. The technique of bio-mechanics and his production of Gogol's The Inspector General.

Bertolt Brecht(1898-1956) : Brecht: Bio, photo and quotes

Peter Brook(1925-     ) Brook

Jerzy Grotowski(?  -1999)   Grotowski

Why Russian theatre?
Why do Meyerhold, Brecht, Brook, Grotowski, Artaud and many other theatre men turn to Oriental theatre for their insight?

Sanscrit Drama of India
Peking Opera
Noh & Kabuki of Japan
Mask Dance Drama of Korea

¼­¾ç¿¬±â¿Í µ¿¾ç¿¬±â : »çÁø°ú µ¿¾çÈ­

Accumulation of techniques or knowledge vs Elimination of Oneself : one's habits, inhibitions, preconceived ideas

¿¬±â°ü·Ã ÀÚ·á :

The Theory of Acting - Styles, Techinques and Personalities - THE HISTORY and SCIENCE OF ACTING Theory There have been numerous philosophical efforts to define the nature of acting, but none of these has been able to arrive at a satisfying theory of acting
http://www.linksnorth.com/acting/theory.html

 

The Theory  of Acting (http://www.linksnorth.com/acting/theory.html)

Tradition and Technique

Style

History

Some Theatrical Personalities

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There have been numerous philosophical efforts to define the nature of acting, but none of these has been able to arrive at a satisfying theory of acting without developing some scientific understanding of the sources of human behavior. Practical contributions to acting theory in the 20th century have come mainly from psychology, though speculation has also drawn on the fields of anthropological research, linguistics, and other disciplines.

Stanislavsky borrowed from late 19th-century French psychology the concept of emotional memory, recreating past emotions on stage by recalling the sense details that surrounded the original experience. This became the centerpiece of method acting. In the late 1940s, when the Actors' Studio, home of the method, was founded in New York City, Gestalt psychology was just becoming fashionable (see Psychology). The concepts behind many method exercises are in line with Gestalt ideas about how emotion is experienced and remembered.

Social psychology has contributed much to the understanding of what happens in the complex interaction between actor and audience. The concept of "role-playing" in everyday life has broadened the possibilities for actors in the creation of their own performing material.

A major influence on 20th-century acting emanates from the writings of the French actor and director Antonin Artaud. He conceived of the actor as an "athlete of the heart," giving physical expression to dreams, obsessions, the nonrational side of human beings. Although Artaud produced no convincing examples of his theories, experiments during the 1960s by Grotowski and the British director Peter Brook have shown some of the potential value that may lie in Artaud's thought.

Kinesics, the science of communication through body movement, has made it possible to analyze the meanings of gestures in daily life, how the body's movements have psychological significance. The development of kinesics may create the potential for the very subtle art of psychological mime.